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高教自考英语二完整讲义：第十五章精讲
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来源：自考365 2007-9-26 11:26:00 |
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课文简介
这是一篇论说文。当前计算机的广泛应用使人类进入了一个计算机的时代。计算机技术给人类生活带来了巨大变化，同时，计算机技术也有它的局限性。作者认为，如果把计算机和诗人的思维方式相结合，可能会更富有成效。
Paras.1-6 The computer has great advantages and shortcomings as well.
Paras.7-10 The junction of computer and poet will be fruitful.
New Words
1 computerize vt. 电子计算机化，用电子计算机计算
2 solely ad. 单独地，唯一地
3 content a./vt./n. 满足的，满意的；使满意；满足
4 sensible a. 感觉得到的，可察觉的；明智的
5 marvelous a. 奇异的，惊人的
6 leap v./n. 跳跃；飞跃
7 theoretical a. 理论上的
8 persist vi. 坚持，固执；持续，存留
9 profusion n. 丰富，大量；过分
10 vital a. 生命的；有生命力的
11 foolishness n. 愚蠢；可笑
12 unexamined a. 未检查的；未审查的
13 logic n. 逻辑（学）；逻辑性；理由
14 evaluate vt. 估价，评价
15 raw a. 未煮过的，生的；未加工的
16 texture n. 组织，质地；织品，织物
17 ultimate a. 最后的，最终的
18 digression n. 离题；偏离
19 obscure a./vt. 昏暗的，朦胧的；模糊的
20 functional a. 功能的；职务上的；实用的
21 extension n. 伸张，伸展，扩大
22 undue a. 过度的，过分的
23 concrete a./n./vt. 具体的，有形的；混凝土；使凝固
24 conquer vt./vi. 征服，战胜；得胜，胜利
25 error n. 错误，谬误
26 correction n. 改正，纠正
27 sterile a. 不生育的，不结果实的，贫瘠的
28 prolong vt. 延长，拉长
29 technician n. 技术员，技术专家
30 junction n. 连接，结合；
31 technologist n. 工艺学家；技术专家
32 loose a. 松的，宽的；放荡的
33 universal a. 宇宙的，全世界的；普遍的
34 specialist n. 专家
35 dynamo n. 发电机；精力；精力充沛的人
36 nourishment n. 滋补品，营养品
37 proof n. 证据，证明
38 safeguard vt./n. 保卫，保护
39 uniqueness n. 独一无二
40 possess vt. 具有，拥有
词组：phrases
1 to pull down 拆除；推翻
2 to mistake…for 错把…当作…。
3 to distinguish between 分辨，区分
4 to come to terms （with） 达成协议；妥协，习惯于
5 to end in 以…告终
6 to reflect on 仔细考虑，反思
7 to come about 发生
8 to turn loose 放开，释放
9 to enable …to 使…能够…
10 respect for 对…的尊严
11 to make over （财产）转让，移交；改造，重做
12 to speculate on 思索，推测，猜测
access to 接近，进入（的方法，机会，权力等）
词汇精讲：
1. persist： vi. 坚持，固执；持续，存留
派生词： persistent a. 坚持的，一贯的
用法：persist in 坚持做某事
e.g. If you persist in breaking the law， you will go to prison. 如果你坚持违法的话，就得进监狱。
注意区别：insist on 坚持做某事
2. vital ：a. 生命的；有生命力的；极其重要的
e.g. The heart is a vital organ. 心脏是维持生命所必需的器官。
It is vital that you get the form sent off by the twenty- third of this month.
你务必将那张表在本月23 号前寄出。
注意：vital = essential 用于It is vital that + 从句 句型中that 从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，形式是 ：（should） + 动词原形。
3. evaluate ：vt. 估价，评价
派生词：evaluation n. 估价，评估
e.g. We shall need to evaluate how the new material stands up to wear and tear.
我们必须对新材料的耐磨损性进行评估。
4. ultimate：a. 最后的，最终的
e.g. We don‘t know the ultimate result. 我们不知道最终的结局。
His ultimate goal is too distant and shadowy to obtain.
他的最终目标太遥远，又太模糊，难以实现。
The ultimate responsibility lies with the headmaster. 根本责任在校长身上。
5. undue ： a. 过度的，过分的
e.g. It‘s difficult to find a way of spreading information about the disease without causing undue alarm. 很难找到一种方式发布有关疾病的消息而不引起不应有的恐慌。
6. conquer： v. 征服，战胜
e.g. Man can conquer nature. 人定胜天。
It is very difficult to conquer the cigarette habit. 烟很难戒掉。
He dreamed of conquering hostility by love. 他曾想用爱战胜敌对。
7. proof： n. 证据，证明，
派生词： prove v. 证据，证明
e.g. Keep your receipt as proof of purchase. 保留你的发票作为购买凭证。
8. possess：vt. 拥有，具有
派生词：possession n. 拥有；
e.g. He never possessed much money， but he always possessed good health.
他从未拥有过很多金钱，但他总是享有健康的身体。
The technician possesses precious data. 技术员掌握了珍贵的数据资料。
词组 phrases
1. to pull down： 拆除；推翻
e.g. They pulled down the warehouse to build a new supermarket.
他们拆除了仓库来建一个新的超市。
All the building constructed illegally must be pulled down. 一切非法建筑物都必须拆除。
2. to mistake …for： 错把…当作
e.g. I mistake you for your brother. 我错把你当作你的兄弟了。
3. to distinguish between ：分辨，区分
e.g. People who cannot distinguish between colors are said to be colorblind.
不能辨别颜色的人被称为色盲。
The twins look so much alike that it is difficult to distinguish between them.
两个双胞胎如此相似，以至于很难区分他们。
4. to come to terms （with）： 达成协议；妥协，习惯于
e.g. You need to come to terms with reality. 你必须接受现实。
They came to terms with the enemy secretly. 他们私自和敌人达成了协议。
When your friends quarrel with each other， you should help them come to terms.
当你的朋友吵架时，你应该帮助他们和解。
5. to reflect on ： 仔细考虑，反思
e.g. I need time to reflect on your offer. 我需要时间来考虑你的建议。
We must reflect carefully on the effect of TV violence on children.
我们必须仔细考虑电视中暴力行为对儿童的影响。
6. to come about ： 发生
e.g. Can you tell me how the accident came about？ 你能告诉我事故是怎么发生的吗？
Good books come about as a result of hard work. 好书的产生是努力工作的结果。
7. to make over ： （财产）转让，移交；改造
e.g. His wealth was made over to his children. 他的财产被移交给了他的孩子。
He has been made over into a new man. 他已经完全改变成了另一个人。
8 to speculate on 思索，推测，猜测
e.g. A spokesperson declined to speculate on the cause of the train crash.
发言人拒绝对火车失事原因进行猜测。
课文详解：
The Computer and The Poet
The essential problem of man in a computerized age remains the same as it has always been. That problem is not solely how to be more productive， more comfortable， more content， but how to be more sensitive， more sensible， more proportionate， more alive. The computer makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency； it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence.①
man前面没加任何惯词的时候就是人类。
men（复数）
human being（s）
the race
age（年龄、年代、时代）；era（同意词）
not solely相当于not only……but……（不仅…而且…）
how to（并列结构）
1.句中makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency 是VCO结构，其中a marvelous leap in human proficiency 是宾语，由于宾语较长，因此把宾补possible 提到了前面。
SVOC 主、谓、宾、宾补。
VCO（宾语和宾补进行倒置）
计算机使人类进步发生飞跃的变化；它在实际上乃至理论上扫除制约人类智能发展的障碍。课文第一句译文：人类在计算机化时代所面临的根本问题一如既往。这个问题不仅仅是要提高生产力（如何更有成效），使人们更舒适、更满足，而且是怎样才能更有情感、更理智、更均衡、更有活力。
But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are， to identity their real problems， to respond more fully to beauty， to place adequate value on life， and to make their world safer than it now is.②
2.句中whether后面一直到句子结尾都是question 的同位语从句，为了避免头重脚轻，谓语persists and indeed grows提前，插在了主语question 和其同位语之间。在whether 从句中，make it easier or harder for human beings to …是一个VOC结构，it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是并列的五个不定式短语。
但是，涉及到人类对自身的认识，对实际存在的问题的辨别，对美的更充分的理解，
对怎样给生活更充分的价值，怎样使人类世界比现在更安全等方面，计算机给人类带来的
究竟是更大的便利还是更多的困难，这个问题依然存在，而且变得日益严重。
例：My brother is often late for school while my sister rarely is.
Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital research. But they can‘t eliminate the foolishness and decay that come from the unexamined life. Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to - the reality of pain in others； the possibilities of creative growth in himself； the memory of the race； and the rights of the next generation③
3.本句是以否定词nor 开头的部分倒装句，所以主谓倒装，在主语前加了助动词do.句中“he has to be connected to ”是things 的定语从句。破折号后面的四个名词短语是对things 的补充说明。
电脑也不能把人和应该与人有关系的事情联系起来。例如，别人的痛苦的现实、提高自身创造力的可能性、人类的记忆、以及下一代人的权利等等。
The reason these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom， just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values， and intelligence with insight.④
4.句中“these matters are important in a computerized age”是省略了关系副词why 的定语从句，修饰the reason.在reason， way 等词后的定语从句一般都可省去连接词。本句的谓语是is ，表语是that 引导的表语从句；just as 引导了方式状语从句，正如…一样。“tendency”后的不定式是它的定语。
confuse…with…（把什么和什么混淆）
在计算机化时代，上述这些问题之所以重要是因为人们可能倾向于把数据误认为智慧，正如人们总是倾向于把逻辑与价值相混淆，把智能与洞察力混为一谈一样。
Easy and convenient access to facts can produce unlimited good only if it is matched by the desire and ability to find out what they mean and where they would lead.⑤
5.本句的主语是access ， 这个名词后边可以跟介词短语to表示接触的对象。在 if 从句中，
it 指代的是access，they 指代 facts ， to find out what they mean and where they would lead 为desire and ability 的定语。
方便快捷地获得信息，只有在人们有愿望和能力搞清这些信息意味着什么和会把人们引向何方时，才能够给人带来无限的好处。
match（当动词讲时是相配、相符。）
例：match maker（配对的人，来牵线搭桥的人。）
Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined.⑥ They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as the rawest of raw materials crying to be processed into the texture of logic. It requires a very unusual mind， Whitehead said， to undertake the analysis of a fact. The computer can provide a correct number， but it may be an irrelevant number until judgment is pronounced.
if+过去分词
6.句中“if left spreading and unexamined ”是过去分词加连接词的形式，在句中作条件状语，相当于if they are left spreading and unexamined 的省略形式。
信息如果任其泛滥，不加审核，那是可怕的事情。
be regarded as…（被认为）
cry to do something（迫切需要……）
To the extent， then， that man fails to distinguish between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision， the computer could prove a digression.⑦
7.句中that 引导的是同位语从句，作the extent 的同位语，表示“在…的程度上”，“在…的情况下”；fail to do sth. 表示“不能做某事，无法做某事”。
between A and B（名词短语）
因此，在人们不能区别电子智能的这种中间运算与人们决策最终责任的情况下，
计算机可能反而是一种节外生枝。
It could obscure man‘s awareness of the need to come to terms with himself. It may foster the illusion that he is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only functional ones. ⑧It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it. It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers. “If we begin with certainties.” Bacon said， “we shall end in doubts but if we begin with doubts， and we are patient with them， we shall end in certainties.”
It may…（他有可能）
foster（形容词-收养的；动词-造成）
8.that 引导illusion 的同位语从句。ones 指 questions
当人们实际只提出功能性问题时，计算机可能使人造成这样的错觉：他们提出的是根本性的问题。
The computer knows how to conquer error， but before we lose ourselves in celebrating the victory， we might reflect on the great advances in the human situation that have come about because men were challenged by error and would not stop thinking and exploring until they found better approaches for dealing with it.⑨
lose oneself in（沉湎于，热衷于）
9.本句的主句是but 连接的并列句：The computer knows how to conquer error 和we might reflect on the great advances in the human situation.其中“that have come…到句尾”是一个定语从句，修饰“the great advances”；在这个定语从句中，带有because引导的原因状语从句，原因状语从句中又套有一个until 引导的时间状语从句。
计算机知道如何战胜错误，但是在我们沉醉于庆祝这一成就前，我们也许应该深思，人类以往所取得的巨大进步都是因为人们受到错误挑战并且不断地思考与探索，直到找到对付错误的更好的办法。
“Give me a good fruitful error， full of seeds， bursting with its own corrections，” Ferris Greenslet wrote， “You can keep your sterile truth for yourself.”
burst （动词-充满、炸裂）
The biggest single need in computer technology is not for increased speed， or enlarged capacity， or prolonged memory， or reduced size， but for better questions and better use of the answers. Without taking anything away from the technicians， we think it might be fruitful to effect some sort of junction between the computer technologist and the poet. ⑩
not for
but for…（而是）
effect（名词-效果、影响；动词-产生）
10.effect 在句中作动词，意思是“实现，进行，产生…的结果”。句中without 后面要用动名词。本句的意思是：我们认为，在不使技术人员丧失任何东西的情况下，计算机技术人员与诗人之间实现某种结合可能更富有成效。
A genuine purpose may be served by turning loose the wonders of the creative imagination on the kinds of problems being put to electronic technology. （11）
11.句中“to serve a purpose”满足某一目的；being put to electronic technology 是被动的过去分词短语，作problems 的后置定语。
本句的意思是：通过在由电子技术解决的问题上充分发挥创造性想像的神奇力量，计算机的真正目的可以实现。
The company of poets may enable the men who tend the machines to see a wider range of possibilities than technology alone may inspire. （12）
tend（动词——照料）
enable……to…
12.句中宾语“the men”后带有一个who 引导的定语从句。
诗人的参与能使计算机使用者看到比技术自身所能产生更宽广的应用可能性。
A poet， said Aristotle， has the advantage of expressing the universal； the specialist expresses only the particular. （13） The poet， moreover， can remind us that man‘s greatest energy comes not from his dynamos but from his dreams. But the quality of a man’s dreams can only be a reflection of his subconscious. What he puts into his subconscious， therefore， is quite literally the most important nourishment in the world.
the+形容词；the universal 普遍
13.the universal 和 the particular. 都是 the +形容词，表示一类人或事物。
全句的大意是：亚里士多德说过，诗人擅长表达普遍，而专家只能表达个别。
Nothing really happens to a man except as it is registered in the subconscious. This is where event and feeling become memory and where the proof of life is stored. The poet - and we use the term to include all those who have respect for and speak to the human spirit - can help to supply the subconscious with material to enhance its sensitivity， thus safeguarding it. The poet， too， can help to keep man from making himself over in the image of his electronic wonders. For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it.（14）
unless（除了…以外）
This is where…/where…（表语从句）
keep…from（使…不能…）
not so…as
14.For 作连词用时，可与上句呼应，承上启下，以提供对上文的因果解释。句中“not so much …as”是比较级的否定形式，进行比较的是两个由that引导的从句，表示的意思是“与其说…不如说…”或“不是…而是…”。
由于人类被计算机控制的危险固然存在，但人类若模仿计算机改造人类自身，则更可怕。
The poet reminds men of their uniqueness. It is not necessary to possess the ultimate definition of this uniqueness. Even to speculate on it is a gain. （15）
15.to speculate on it 是不定式作主语。其中 it 指代上句的uniqueness
gain
这种独特性最终如何定义无关紧要，但即使思考一下这个问题也会是得益非浅的。
Text B Changes to Come in U.S Education
New Words
1 infrastructure n. 基础；（社会的，国家的）基础结构（如教育，运输，通讯等设施）
2 kindergarten n. 幼儿园
nursery school（面向2~5岁的孩子）
3 postgraduate a. 大学毕业后的，大学研究院的
n.研究生
post（前缀——后）
pre（前缀——前）
4 scarce a. 1.[一般用作表语]缺乏的，不足的；2.稀有的，珍贵的
5 expansion n. 扩张；膨胀
expand（动词）
6 enrol（l）ment n. 1.登记，接收，招生；2.招收人数，入学人数
enroll（动词）
7 secondary a. 1.第二位的，次要的；2.中等的
8 upheaval n. 1.胀起，（地壳）的隆起；2.剧变，动乱
9 bus（s）ing n. 公共汽车接送；[美]用校车接送学生
10 accountability n. 有解释义务；负有责任
account（动词-叙述、报道）
accountant（名词-会计员、会计师）
11 promotion n. 1.促进；2.提升
12 diploma（[复] diplomas或diplomata） n. 1.执照，特许证；2.毕业文凭，学位证书
13 award vt. 授予，判给
n. 1.判定；2.奖，奖品
14 sociology n. 社会学
15 establishment n. 1.建立，创办；2.机构
16 journalism n. 1.新闻业；2.[总称]报刊；3.新闻学
journalist（新闻工作者）
17 humanistic a. 人文主义的，人本主义的，人道主义的
18 perspective n. 1.透视，透视画法；2.远景，展望；3.观点，看法
19 integrate vt. 使结合，使并入；使成一体（into）
vi. 与…结合起来；成一体（into）
20 unconventional a. 非常规的，不落俗套的
convention（名词-惯例、常规）
unconventional（形容词）
21 diversity n. 多样性
diverse（形容词）
22 rote n. 1.死记硬背；2.机械的方法
23 permissive a. 1.容许的，许可的；2.随意的，开放的
permit（动词）
24 progressive a. 1.进步的，先进的；2.渐次的，累进的
progress（名词/动词-进步）
25 prescribe vt. 1.指示，规定；2.开处方，开药
26 schoolhouse n. （小学或乡村学校）校舍
27 route n. 路线；航线
28 infiltrate vt./vi. 渗入，透过；浸润
29 economics[复] n. [用作单或复] 1.经济学；2.经济情况，经济
30 chip n. 1.片屑，切屑；2.（食物）薄片；3.电子集成电路片，（计算机）芯片
31 tier n. 1.排层；2.等级
32 undergraduate n. （尚未取得学位的）大学生
a.大学生的
Phrases and Expressions
1 on the contrary 相反地
2 as for 对于，至于
as to（同义词组）
3 demand for 对…的要求
4 to go to law against [俗]控告某人
5 to go along with 1. 和…一起2.赞成，附和
6 to shy away from 躲开，回避；
7 to learn by rote 由熟记而学某事
8 to disagree about 对…意见不一
（ to agree about ） 对…意见一致
重点词汇：
1.scarce： a. 缺乏的，不足的；稀有的，珍贵的
e.g. Firewood is scarce in many parts of the world. 世界上很多地区都缺乏木材。
Scarce resources should be used sensibly. 稀有资源的使用应该合理。
2. expansion： n. 扩张，膨胀
派生词：expand v. 扩张，膨胀
e.g. Expansion into new areas of research is possible. 扩展到新的研究领域是有可能的。
3.promotion： n. 促进；提升
派生词：promote v. 促进，提升
e.g. As part of their sales promotion they‘re giving away a free pair of socks with each holiday.
作为促销的一部分，他们每个假日都免费赠送一双袜子。
4. award ： vt. / n. 授予，给予，判给
e.g. He was awarded his damages by the court . 法院判给他损失赔偿费。
reward 意思是“报答，报应，报偿”。而且reward 后面一般要加with .
e.g. He was rewarded with $10000. 他被奖励10000 美元。
5.integrate v. 使结合，使并入，使成为一体
e.g. It‘s very difficult to integrate yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own.
使你自己融入一个完全不同的文化非常困难。
6.diversity n. 多样性
e.g. Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country ？
电视能充分反应这个国家种族和文化上的多样性吗？
7.permissive adj. 容许的，许可的，随意的，开放的
e.g. He claims that society has been far too permissive towards drug taking.
他认为社会对吸毒太放纵了。
8.prescribe vt. 指示，规定，开处方，开药
e.g. The law prescribes that all children must go to school.
法律规定所有的儿童必须上学。
Painkillers have been prescribed for me.
医生给我开了止痛药。
9.route n…… 路线，航线
e.g. I live on a bus route so I can easily get to work.
我家就在一条公共汽车线路上，所以我去上班很方便。
词组：phrases
1.on the contrary ： 相反地
e.g. It doesn‘t seem ugly to me； on the contrary， I think it’s rather beautiful.
我觉得它并不丑；恰恰相反，它很美。
2.demand for ： 对…的要求，对…的需求
e.g. The workers‘ demands for higher pay were refused by the employers.
工人提高工资的要求遭到雇主的拒绝。
3.to go along with ： 和…一起
e.g. He has decided to go along with his father. 他决定跟着父亲走。
重点句子
Changes to Come in U.S Education
The biggest “infrastructure” challenge for the United States in the next decade is not the billions needed for railroads， highways and energy. It Is the American school system， from kindergarten through the Ph.D. program and the postgraduate education of adults. And it requires something far scarcer than money - thinking and risk-taking.
The challenge is not one of expansion. On the contrary， the rapid growth in enrollment over the last 40 years has come to an end. ⑴
1.on the contrary， “相反地”
注意本句的时态： 用的是现在完成时，因为有一个明显的时间状语over the last 40 years.
译：相反，在过去的40年中，学校的在校人数迅速增加的局面已经结束。
By 1978， more than 93 percent of young people entering the labor force had at least an eighth-grade education. So even if the birthrate should rise somewhat， little expansion is possible for elementary and secondary school enrollments.
The last 30 years of social upheaval are also over. Busing will continue to be a highly emotional issue in a good many large cities. And there will still be efforts to use schools to bring women into fields such as engineering that have traditionally been considered “made.” But this shift has already been accomplished in many fields： half or more of the accounting students in graduate schools of business， for example， are now women.
As for most other social issues， the country will no longer try to use schools to bring about social reform. ⑵
2. as for 至于，关于 bring about： 带来，产生
译：至于大部分其他社会问题，美国将不再设法使用学校来促进社会改革。
It‘s becoming increasingly clear to policy makers that schools cannot solve all the problems of the larger community.⑶
3. it 是形式主语，that 引导主语从句
译：学校不能解决更大社区里的所有问题，这一点政策制定者愈来愈清楚了。
Instead， the battle cry for the ‘90s will be the demand for performance and accountability. ⑷
4. battle cry 呐喊 performance 表现，表演
本句的意思是：相反，90年代的强烈要求是人的表现和责任心。
For 30 years， employers have been hiring graduates for their degrees rather than their abilities；
5.hire（动词）
rather than 的意思是“而不是”。注意本句时态用了现在完成进行时。
译：30年来，雇主们一直看重学位而不是能力来雇用毕业生。
employment pay and often even promotion have depended on one‘s diploma. Now many major employers are beginning to demand more than the completion of school. Some of the major banks， for example， are studying the possibility of entrance examinations that would test the knowledge and abilities of graduates applying for jobs.
Students and parents， too， will demand greater accountability from schools， on all levels. It will be increasingly common to go to law against school districts and colleges for awarding degrees without imparting the skills that are supposed to go along with them.⑹
6. to go to law against … for 意为：“为…而控告”
that 引导定语从句修饰skills，意为：“应该和这些学位一起获得的技能”
译：学校如果只授予学位而不能培养出与学位相符的技能，人们将会向法院起诉学校，这种做法将会愈来愈普遍。
And many young people are already switching to practical “hard” subjects. Caring little about the so-called “youth culture” and the media， they have been shifting from psychology into medicine， from sociology into accounting and from black studies into computer programming.⑺
7. 译：他们对所谓的“青年文化”和媒体不太感兴趣，正在逐步地由心理学转到医学，由社会学转到会计学，由黑人问题研究转到计算机程序设计，等等。
Demand for education is actually going up， not down. What is going down， and fairly fast， is demand for traditional education in traditional schools.
Indeed， the fastest growing industry in America today may be the continuing professional education of highly schooled adults. Much of it takes place outside the education establishment- through companies， hospitals and government departments that run courses for managerial and professional employees ； or through management associations and trade associations.
In the meantime， any number of private enterprises are organizing courses， producing training films and tapes and otherwise taking advantage of growth opportunities that universities shy away from.⑻
8. in the meantime “同时”
otherwise 在此是副词，意为：“以其他方式” take advantage of “利用”
that 引导定语从句修饰opportunities
译：与此同时，一些私人企业也组织教学课程，制作培训用的电影和磁带以及以其他方式利用一些大学避而不用的发展机会。
The demand for continuing education does not take the from that most observers， including this writer， originally expected- namely， “Great Books” classes for adults wanting to learn abort the humanities， the arts， the “life of the mind.” We face instead a growing demand for advanced professional education： in engineering and medicine， in accounting and journalism， in law and in administration and management.
Yet the adults who come back for such studies also demand what teachers of professional subjects are so rarely able to supply： a humanistic perspective that can integrate advanced professional and technical knowledge into a broader universe of experience and learning.
Since these new students also need unconventional hours - evenings， weekends or high-intensity courses that stuff a term‘s work into two weeks- their demands for learning bring a vague but real threat to the school establishment.⑼
9.stuff（名词-东西、材料；动词-填满）
that stuff a term‘s work into two weeks 定语从句修饰high-intensity courses 意为：“把一学期课程压缩到两周内学完的高强化班“
译：由于这些新型学生还要求非常规的学习时间 - 晚上、周末或把一学期课程压缩到两周内学完的高强化班 ，所以他们的学习要求给学校机构带来了难以言状，但又确实存在的威胁。
The greatest challenge to education is likely to come from our new opportunities for diversity.We now have the chance to apply the basic finding for diversity. We now have the chance to apply the basic findings of psychological， developmental and educational research over the last 100years； namely， that no one educational method fits all children.
Almost all children are capable of attaining the same standards within a reasonable period of time. All but a few babies， for instance， learn to walk by the age of two and to talk by the age of three，but no two get there quite the same way.
So too at higher levels. Some children learn best by rote， in structured environments with high certainty and strict discipline.⑽
10.to learn best by rote 意为：死记硬背地学习，由熟记而学某事
structured 是形容词，意为：有组织的，有条理的
译：有些孩子在非常稳定、纪律严格、结构严谨的环境里靠死记硬背能达到最佳学习效果。
Others gain success in the less structured “permissive” atmosphere of a “progressive” school. Some adults learn out of books， some learn by doing， some learn best by listening.
Some students need prescribed daily doses of information；⑾
11. prescribed daily doses of information 是比喻的说法，
译：有些学生需要老师像医生开药一样每天给他们规定一定量的信息。
others need challenge and a high degree of responsibility for the design of their own work. But for too long， teachers have insisted that there is one best way to teach and learn， even though they have disagreed about what that way is.⑿
12.that 引导宾语从句，even though 引导让步状语从句，
disagree about 意见不合，有分歧
译：但长期以来，尽管老师们对什么是最好的教学方法存在分歧，却坚持认为只有一种最好的教学方法。
A century ago， the greatest majority of Americans lived in communities so small that only one one -room schoolhouse was within walking distance of small children. Then there had to be “one right method” for everybody to learn.
Today the great majority of pupils in the United State（and all developed countries） live in big cities with such density that there can easily be three or four elementary schools -as well as secondary schools within each child‘s walking or bicycling distance. This enables students and their parents to choose between alternative routes to learning offered by competing schools.
Indeed， competition and choice are already beginning to infiltrate the school system. Private schools and colleges have shown an unusual ability to survive and develop during a period of rising costs and dropping enrollments elsewhere. All this present， of course， a true threat to the public school establishment.
But economics， student needs and our new understanding of how people learn are bound to break the traditional education monopoly just as trucks and airplanes broke the monopoly of railroads， and computers and “chips” are breaking the telephone monopoly.⒀
13.be bound（bind 的过去分词）to （必然）
bind（动词——绑）
该句的主语是economics， student needs and our new understanding，其中 economics 应该理解为“经济因素”。
to break the monopoly 意为：“打破垄断”
just as 引导方式状语从句
译：但是经济因素、学生的需要以及我们对如何学习的新观点都必然要打破传统教育的垄断，正如卡车和飞机打破了铁路的垄断、计算机与芯片正在打破电话的垄断一样。
In the next 10 or 15 years we will almost certainly see strong pressures to make schools responsible for thinking through what kind of learning methods are appropriate for each child.
We will almost certainly see great pressure， from parents and students alike， for result-focused education and for accountability in meeting objectives set for individual students. ⒁
14.result（名词——结果、效果）
focus （动词——集中）
accountability in 意为：“在…方面的责任感 ”
set for individual students 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰objectives 为各个学生制定的目标
本句难理解的难点主要在介词和名词的搭配：great pressure … from … for … and for
译：我们几乎肯定还会遇到来自父母及学生同样巨大的压力，要求讲究教育实效，要认真负责地实现为各个学生制定的教育目标。
The continuing professional education of highly educated adults will become a third tier in addition to undergraduate and professional or graduate work. Above all， attention will shift back to schools and education as the central capital investment and infrastructure of a “knowledge society.”
补充语法知识
并列结构：在一些长句子里，经常出现并列结构，如：不定式的并列、动名词或名词短语的并列、介词短语的并列等等。掌握这些结构有利于长句的理解。要注意的是不能把不同类的词或短语并列或平行使用。
例如：
1.That problem is not solely how to be more productive， more comfortable， more content， but how to be more sensitive， more sensible， more proportionate， more alive.
不定式的并列
2.But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are， to identity their real problems， to respond more fully to beauty， to place adequate value on life， and to make their world safer than it now is.
不定式的并列
3.Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to - the reality of pain in others； the possibilities of creative growth in himself； the memory of the race； and the rights of the next generation
名词短语的并列
4.The biggest single need in computer technology is not for increased speed， or enlarged capacity， or prolonged memory， or reduced size， but for better questions and better use of the answers.
介词短语的并列 |
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