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写作审题 ―― 英语高考纠错
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来源：智卓教育 2008-2-4 11:00:00 |
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要点导读：
语法篇：误点总结，从易到难，从词汇到句式，从时态到语态，关关纠错，题题把关，不再为语法摇头；完形填空篇：误点分类、归结错误题型，样题精讲、领会解题要领，误区警示、明了防范措施，试题闯关、保障满分考场；阅读理解篇：阅读是难点，也是重点，得分容易，失分更易，如何保障只得不失？以成功者为鉴，以教师讲解为引，以自己学习为主，高考志在必得；书面表达篇：写作，篇幅虽小，五脏俱全，决定能否智赢高考的最后一道关卡。5名状元的经验总结，5位老师的精心纠错，名校模拟的重点训练，为考场胜利护航。
写作?审题
一．状元笔记簿
审题，就是仔细研究理解题目，根据题目所提供的信息和要求，确定文章的体裁、题材和类型等。审题不认真，观察不仔细，容易造成一下错误：
1. 文章偏离主题（让写家乡变化的，结果写成我的感受）；
2. 格式不对（让写书面通知的，结果写成口头通知）；
3. 要点不全（口头通知中的称呼语和结束语是最容易遗漏的要点）；
4. 时态人称用错（日记一般是第一人称和过去时，有时容易写成第三人称和现在时）。
二．名师纠错本
误点1 审体裁
体裁体现书面表达的写作风格、写作线索，决定书面表达的总体方向，所以正确确定体裁是做书面表达的第一步。首先要弄清楚所要写的作文属于哪种体裁的文章。高考中的作文体裁一般有记叙文、说明文、应用文等,而应用文又包括书信、通知、日记、便条等。无论提供材料的方式是文字，还是图画或表格, 但是要求文章的体裁都是唯一的。倘若体裁不对,评卷时原则上要从考生应得分数中扣掉7分。所以动笔之前,认真审题至关重要。
样题1 一家宾馆新开业，为吸引外国宾客，希望在互联网上进行宣传，请你用英语为其写文字介绍。主要内容应包括：
1．地点：距白山 人口处500米；
2．房间及价格：单人间(共20间)，100：／天；双人间(共15间)，150：／天；热水淋浴；
3．餐饮：餐厅(中、西餐)，咖啡厅(茶、咖啡)；
4．游泳池：全天免费开放；
5．欢迎预定。
注意：
1．词数100左右，开头语已为你写好；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel
Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel. Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【错误分析】一些学生认为是写一篇广告词，所以大肆吹嘘，名不副实。出现此类错误是由于他们不明白体裁的兼容性。从“为吸引外国宾客，希望在互联网上进行宣传，”可知是应用文。但是从“为其写文字介绍”可知是说明文。
【正确思路】 其实它是一个说明性很强的应用文，所以在写该篇作文时一定要有说明文的特点，即真实性，知识性、条理性和解说性，不能随意发挥。
【参考范文】 Welcome to Baishan Mountain Hotel
Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business.
Our hotel stands 500 meters away from the entrance to Baishan Mountain. It has 20 single rooms and 15 double rooms, all with hot showers. A single room is 100 yuan and a double room 150 yuan for one night. You are advised to book in advance. The hotel serves three meals a day and there are Chinese food and western food for you to choose from. You can also enjoy yourself at the cafe drinking tea or coffee in the evening. We also have a swimming pool, which is open all day and free of charge.
All are welcome!
误点2 审格式
一定的体裁有特定的格式。所以确定体裁之后随之也就确定了格式。从近几年的高考书面表达的体裁来看，多以书信、求职信、通知、演讲稿和看图作文为主,其中书信最复杂,不光是信的开头、称呼、信的主体、结尾、签字五个部分都要写全面,当然现在的高考对书信的格式不做要求，但是口头通知和书面通知、日记、请假条等应用文的格式依然是高考常考的知识点。所以考生对这些格式的要求都要有明确的认识。
样题2 中央号召建立节约型社会，可是许多学校校园内浪费现象相当严重。请你以学生会名义写一个通知，号召同学们从我做起，改变不良习惯，杜绝浪费。有关内容如下：
浪费现象 （1）水、电
（2）餐厅的食物
（3）纸张、书本
造成危害 （1）浪费资源
（2）形成坏习惯，不利于品德养成
（3）浪费金钱，增加父母的经济负担
采取措施 （内容由学生适当添加）
要求：字数100左右。
【错误分析】 部分学生在审题时没有弄清楚是书面通知还是口头通知；有的学生对口头通知和书面通知的格式不太了解。所以写出的文章有的格式用错； 有的既没有口头通知的格式，又没有书面通知的格式，只有内容要点，从而造成了失分很多。
【正确思路】根据内容要求“以学生会的名义写一个通知，号召……”，可以看出是一个书面通知，因此应该有书面通知的格式，即：
NOTICE
____________________________________________________________
Students’ Union
Jan 18, 2007
也就是要有题目、签名和日期。而不是像口头通知那样有开头语结束语，没有题目、签名和日期。
【参考范文】
NOTICE
Nowadays, some of us students have formed some bad habits on campus. For example, some students leave the lights on in the daytime, or let water running after washing. Some leave over much food on the table after eating. Besides, waste paper and spoiled books can be seen everywhere. So it’s high time that we had to deal with the problems. As we all know, these bad habits will have a bad influence on our character and behavior. What’s more, they cannot only increase our cost at school and add financial burden to our parents, but also waste the limited resources.
But how to reduce the waste? In my opinion, we should start with ourselves to save everything. Here, I’d like to remind my friends to take the lead in reducing the waste.
Therefore, I’m sure, with everyone doing this bit by bit, we will change the present situation.
Students’ Union
Jan 18, 2007
误点3 审要点
确定写作内容是书面表达最重要的环节之一，因为高考的书面表达是根据内容和表达给分的，内容不全面理所当然地要失分。
样题3 你所在的班级将要举办一次主题为“What Can We Do for Our School?”的英语演讲比赛。请写一篇英语演讲稿，要求从以下四方面中任选一至二个进行阐述，并举例加以说明。
1.关心他人；
2.美化校园；
3.受护学校设施；
4.营造良好的学习氛围。
注意：
1.不要在书面表达中出现所在学校的校名和本人姓名，否则本节判为零分；
2.词数：100左右；
3.参考词汇：
爱心――love and care;校园――campus; 设施――facilities; 氛围――environment
4.开头和结尾已经写好，且不记入词数。
【错误分析】一些学生只看到了“以下四方面中任选一至二个进行阐述”，而不知道这是一篇讲演稿，所以一些必要的客套用语是必不可少的，从而写出下面的文章，得分不高是理所当然的。
The first thing we can do is to make our campus more beautiful. Every one of us may plant a tree in the school, or organize a thorough cleaning on the campus. We can also form a good habit of putting the rubbish in the trashcan.
The second thing we can do is to protect the facilities in our school. When we leave the classroom, we should never forget to turn off the light or close the door. We should not leave the tap water running or waste any materials in the laboratory class.
【正确思路】在我们审要点时，不但要审清楚本文中的明确要点，还要审清楚一些间接要点，也就是从写作说明中提炼出来的内容，还有标题要点，也就是有的作文必须有标题，以及常识性要点，例如：介绍式书面表达常识性要点有: now, let me introduce … to you / now, let me say sth about … to you / that’s all. Thank you 等等； 口头通知的常识性要点有： ladies and gentlemen, attention please./ladies and gentlemen, may I have your attention, please/ I wish you have a pleasant time. 等等。所以本文的要点不但有文中明确指出的四个要点中一个或两个，还有演讲稿所暗含的要点：即 开场白或称呼语和结束语两个要点。
【参考范文】 Hello, everyone. It’s nice to speak about what we can do for our school, and I think each of us can do something.
The first thing we can do is to make our campus more beautiful. Every one of us may plant a tree in the school, or organize a thorough cleaning on the campus. We can also form a good habit of putting the rubbish in the trashcan.
The second thing we can do is to protect the facilities in our school. When we leave the classroom, we should never forget to turn off the light or close the door. We should not leave the tap water running or waste any materials in the laboratory class.
If everyone does one thing for our school, I believe we will turn our school into a better place to
Study and live in.
Thank you for listening!
三．闯关试题库
1. （2008 年东城一练）请以My Favourite Newspaper 为题用英文写一篇100字左右的短文， 介绍《二十一世纪报》（the 21st Century）。短文应包括下面表格所提供的内容。
报纸名称及使用语言 21st Century, 英文
出版地点及出版周期 北京 ，每周一期
版面内容 每周新闻，今日世界，语言课堂，体育与音乐，学生报道
特色 图文并茂
目的 学习英语词汇，提高英语水平，获取各种信息
效果 广为人知，深受喜爱
2.（2008年西城测试） 下面是有关英语演讲比赛的消息，请据此用英文写一份通知，要求字数在100词左右。
活动 英语演讲比赛（English-speaking Contest）
目的 提高英语口语
组织者 学生会
参加对象 高中（senior）学生
报名时间 5月25日以前
报名地点 学生会办公室
比赛时间 6月9日下午4：00
比赛地点 教学楼五楼礼堂（auditorium）
评奖情况 前五名优胜者获奖
3.（2008年黄冈质检） 目前，学校存在少数学生考试作弊现象。某英文杂志社拟对此现象向中学生征文，标题是“My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations”。请根据下列提示用英文写一篇征文稿。
内容要点如下：
主要原因 考试偏多、偏难
不用功、懒惰
取悦父母、老师
个人看法 作弊不对；违背校规
要诚实，努力学习
其他看法
注意：短文必须包括所有内容要点，可适当发挥。
4. （2008年南京 一次调研）假设你是李华。一年前，你和弟弟曾因家庭贫困而失学。最近你们得到了一位在南京工作的澳大利亚人 Mr. Black 的帮助，重返校园。请给Mr. Black 写一封信表示感谢。
内容要点：
1. 钱和书籍已经收到，非常感谢。
2. 学习取得了很大的进步，决心努力学习，将来考上重点大学。
3. 渴望见到布莱克先生，并期望他给你们寄张照片。
注意：
1. 格式要正确。
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
3. 词数：100左右。
5. （2007年湖北八市联考）请根据以下内容提示，以“ The Way to Keep Healthy”为题，写一篇如何保持健康的说明文。
1. 四要：要吃水果和蔬菜；要有足够的睡眠；要多锻炼；要多用脑
2. 四不要：不要吃太多脂肪和糖果；不要喝太多的咖啡；不要抽烟，喝酒；不要太劳累。
注意：1.短文必须包括上述所有的内容要点，可以适当增加细节，使内容连贯。
2.词数：120左右
3.参考词汇：酒 alcohol; 脂肪：fat ; 糖果 sweet
6.（2007年江西九校联考）目前，一些诸如GG, MM, Xia mi 等的网络语言在青少年中极为兴盛，并出现在家庭作业、报告、甚至全国入学考试的作文中。请你以Should Internet Slang Be Prohibited （禁止）？为题，根据下表内容用英语写一篇短文。
一些同学认为 另一些同学认为
网络语言生动、时尚 网络语言缺乏思想性
网络语言充满幽默与智慧 没有被大部分人理解和接受
能使网上聊天更快捷 过多使用会使人不解，甚至误解
注意：1.文章首句已经给出，但是不计入总词数。
2.词数100左右。
Should Internet Slang Be Prohibited
At present, Internet Slang, such as GG，MM, Xia Ｍi, has become popular among the teenagers.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
参考范文
1. My Favourite Newspaper
21st Century is my favourite newspaper. It is an English newspaper published in Beijing each week. It has sections of different kinds, including Weekly News of the week, Today’s World, Language Class, Sports and Music and Students’ report. There are plenty of beautiful pictures and interesting articles in it. I like reading the paper. I read it to improve my English, I have learned a lot of new words and useful expressions. Besides, I can get information about different things, from politics to sports and music. 21st Century is very popular with students and English learners. I do love it.
2． NOTICE
We are going to have an English-speaking Contest for senior students so as to improve our oral English. It will be held in the auditorium on the 5th floor in the teaching building at 4:00, June 9th. Those who want to take part in the contest are supposed to sign up at the office of the Students’ Union before May 25th. All the senior students are welcome to join the contest. The first five winners will be given prizes. Please try your best and get ready in time.
Wish you success!
The Students’ Union
3. My Opinion on Cheating in Examination
It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school.
As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.
In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools, we students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. What’s more, we should improve our study method and get well prepared for examinations.
4. Dear Mr. Black,
We are very glad to have received your money and some reading materials. Thank you very much
We have been studying hard since we came back to school. With the help of our teachers and classmates, we have made great progress in our studies. So we are often praised and encouraged by our teachers and parents. We have made up our minds to study harder in order to be admitted to key universities in the future.
We are looking forward to seeing you, but we have no chance to go to Nanjing ourselves. So we hope you can post us a photo of you soon.
Best wishes,
Yours，
Lihua
5. The Way to Keep Healthy
It's important for us to keep healthy in our everyday life. But how? Here is some advice for you to follow.
First you should have a healthy diet. It’s necessary to eat enough fresh fruit and vegetables, because they have all kinds of vitamins that you need every day. But do not eat too much fat, such as cheese, butter and anything too fatty or too salty. Too many sweets can be bad for your teeth. And you should drink as little coffee as possible.
Good habits can help you keep healthy. Doing exercise is certainly a good way to make you healthy. After a day’s work, an eight-hour hour sleep is needed. And you had better not work or study too hard.
6. Should Internet Slang Be Prohibited
At present, Internet Slang, such as GG，MM, Xia Ｍi, has become popular among the teenagers.
There are different opinions on Internet Slang. Some students think Internet Slang is vivid, fashionable and full of humor and intelligence. Besides it makes chatting on the Internet quicker.
However, some other students think Internet Slang lacks depth of thought and is too simple. Besides, it is hard to understand and not accepted by most people. The words sometimes might make people confused, even resulting in misunderstanding.
Every coin has two sides. In my opinion, living in the Information Age, if we don’t know the Internet Slang, we seem to fall behind. It will be OK as long as these terms are used correctly in proper situations.
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