北京新航道学校  李传伟

       在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一）五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：

1． 把握中心思想层

2． 概括段落大意层

3． 深入剖析文章层

4． 摘录背诵佳句层

5． 换位思考命题层

       现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。

Passage 3

Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

9. In paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that .

［A］ the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society

［B］ exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are

［C］ exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society

［D］ the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children

10. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that .

［A］ they are expected to be leaders of the society

［B］ they might become a burden of the society

［C］ they should fully develop their potentials

［D］ disabled children deserve special consideration

11. This passage mainly deals with .

［A］ the differences of children in their learning capabilities

［B］ the definition of exceptional children in modern society

［C］ the special educational programs for exceptional children

［D］ the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children

12. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children .

［A］ is now enjoying legal support

［B］ disagrees with the tradition of the country

［C］ was clearly stated by the country’s founders

［D］ will exert great influence over court decisions

文章结构与内容

文章结构：一枝独秀型。本文的核心概念是残疾儿童(exceptional children)的教育。由于本文是一篇社会科学方面的文章，所以阅读时还要注意作者对核心概念的态度：要让残疾儿童充分发展自己的潜能，必须调整对他们的教育，以适应他们与正常儿童的差异。然后作者指出重视残疾儿童的教育这一点反映了美国传统的价值观念---教育机会平等以及一种新思潮的出现。

核心词汇

1. exceptional 残疾的；例外的，异常的（名词exception 除外，例外）

2. significant重大的，明显的；重要的（名词significance）

3. potential 潜能，潜力 ； a. 潜在的，可能的

4. adapt  （to）（使）适应；改编

5. capture 捕获；夺取

6. supporting player 配角

7. scenery 舞台布景；风景

8. the key to …的关键

9. full expression 充分表达

10. understanding 认知，理解；通情达理的

11. pass on to 传递给

12. weakness 缺点（反义词strength）

13. prejudice 偏见；v. 损害

14. deserve 应该获得

15. capability 能力；技能（形容词capable）

16. democratic 民主的（= demo（人民）+crat（统治）+ic（的））

17. denote 表示，代表（同根词note、notice---not表明）

18. interpret 解释，说明；口译

19. to the limit of 达到…的极限

20. capacity 能力，容量（形容词capacious容量大的，宽敞的）

21. modify 改变，修改（名词mode模式）

22. substantially 真正地，实质地（名词substance）

*             *                *

23. exert influence over 对…产生影响，给…施加影响（exert 施加，尽力）

难句分析

1. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

［结构分析］ 第一个句子的基本结构是Exceptional children are different…from…，其中in some significant way（在一些重要的方面）说明different的体现；第二个句子的前半部分For these children to develop to their full adult potential（要让残疾儿童充分发展自己的潜能）表示目的，作状语。注意：第一句中的exceptional children在文章开始出现时意思不太明确，但是从文章后半部分可以看出是指“残疾儿童”。

[参考译文] 异常儿童（指残疾儿童）与同龄儿童相比有许多重大的不同。为使这些儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应他们的不同需要。

2．While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.

［结构分析］本句是一个复合句，理解的关键是能否看出这是一个类比：把残疾儿童比作舞台上的主要角色，而把他们的家庭和社会环境比作配角和戏剧的布景。

[参考译文] 尽管舞台主角吸引我们的注意力，我们也意识到舞台配角和场景的重要性。

3．And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

［结构分析］ 本句是一个强调句，被强调的部分是in the public schools；破折号之后的部分the knowledge, hopes, and fears是understanding（认知）的同位语，后面的that引导的定语从句修饰the knowledge, hopes, and fears。

[参考译文] 而且正是在公立学校中我们找到了社会理解的全面体现---传授给下一代的知识、希望和恐惧。

4．The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

［结构分析］ 本句的主干是“The great interest... indicates the strong feeling...”，其中主语是the great interest，后面的in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades作the great interest的定语；宾语是the strong feeling ，后面的that引导一个同位语从句that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities，其中whatever their special conditions修饰all citizens，作状语，阅读时可以先跳过去。

[参考译文] 过去30年中公共教育对异常儿童所表现出来的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈感受，即所有公民，不管有什么特殊情况，都应该获得充分发展其能力的机会。

5．That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.

［结构分析］本句的主干在破折号之前，破折号之后的部分解释前面的educational opportunity for all children的具体内容，其中whether 引导的让步状语从句使用了虚拟语气（在虚拟语气中用be是美国英语的用法）。to the limits of的意思是“达到…的极限”。

[参考译文] 这一概念暗示所有儿童都应享有教育机会——每个儿童，无论自身能力大小，都有权在尽其所能的学习中接受帮助。

6．In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

［结构分析］ 本句的主干是schools are modifying their programs，现在分词结构adapting…to…, to…（使…适应…）作状语，其中又包含两个定语从句 ：who are exceptional（修饰children）和who cannot profit substantially from regular programs（修饰those, 指children），而第二个定语从句前的to those是adapting instruction to those的省略。

[参考译文] 作为反应，学校正在改变课程安排，使学校授课能够适应异常儿童的需要，能够适应那些无法从正常课程中实际获益的儿童的需要。

试题详解

9. 例证题。这是一个类比，在二段第二句，其中leading actor on the stage（舞台上的主角）指exceptional children， 后面的the supporting players and the scenery of the play指exceptional children所处的环境，这一句的意思是环境对于exceptional children很重要，下一句明确指出二者之间的关系：家庭和社会对exceptional children的成长和发展是关键。A“exceptional children的成长与家庭和社会有很大关系”符合此意，为正确答案。C与原文所说有出入，注意仔细比较。例证题要注意看例子的上下文。

10．事实细节题。根据问题中的关键词so much concern in education定位原文二段第三句，因为它对应原文中的great interest in exceptional children shown in public education，原文的意思是“这一兴趣表明我们希望所有公民，不管自身条件如何，都应当有机会充分发展自己的能力”，C符合此意，为正确答案。D“残疾儿童应该受到特别对待”与原文所倡导的平等权利和机会不一致，所以是干扰选项。

11．主旨题。本文首句指出论述的对象exceptional children，第二句指出本文论述的重点---exceptional children的教育，并且给出作者的态度：要让exceptional children充分发展自己的潜能，必须调整对他们的教育，以适应他们与正常儿童的差异。这是本文的主题句。符合此意的只有D，因此D为正确答案。C“针对exceptional children的具体教育项目”不是本文的论述重点。作主旨题时注意文章的论述中心和作者态度，正确答案必须符合作者的态度，如本文首段第二句中的must be就表明了作者的态度，D选项中的necessity与之对应。

12．事实细节题。按照出题顺序定位末段，其中段末有一句话明确说明对exceptional children教育的关心已经得到法律支持：Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education，因此  A为正确答案。

参考译文

特殊儿童（本文指残疾儿童）与同龄儿童相比有某种重大的不同。为使这些儿童的全部潜力得到开发，教育必须适应这些不同之处。

尽管我们重点讨论的是特殊儿童的需要，但我们不知不觉中也在描述他们所处的环境。尽管舞台主角吸引我们的注意力，我们也意识到舞台配角和场景的重要性。特殊儿童所处的家庭和社会对他们的成长和发展通常起着关键的作用。而且正是在公立学校中我们找到了社会理解的全面体现——传授给下一代的知识、希望和恐惧。

   在任何社会中，教育都是社会的一面镜子。从这面镜子里，我们看到一个文化自身的长处、弱点、希望、偏见和核心价值观。过去30年中公共教育对特殊儿童所表现出来的巨大关注，表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈感受，即所有公民，不管有什么特殊情况，都应该获得充分发展其能力的机会。

“人人生而平等”，这句话我们听过很多遍，但对于一个民主社会中的教育仍然具有重要意义。尽管这个国家（指美国）的各位创始人用这句话来表明法律面前人人平等，它也被诠释为机会平等。这一概念暗示所有儿童都应享有教育机会——每个儿童，无论自身能力大小，都有权在尽其所能的学习中接受帮助。最近，法院判决确认了所有儿童——无论是残疾，还是非残疾——都有受到适当教育的权利，并要求公立学校采取必要措施为儿童提供这种教育。针对这一判决，学校正在改变课程安排，使学校授课能够适应特殊儿童的需要，能够适应那些无法从正常课程中实际获益的儿童的需要。

佳句摘录

Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.

All men are created equal.